Keywords
attitude
homonegativity
homophobia
students
How to Cite
Abstract
The aims of this study were to: 1) define two components of (open/external and subtle/internal) rejection towards non-heterosexual persons; 2) calculate the means of rejection; 3) compare the means of rejection among three schools of health sciences and 4) controlling the effect of sex in these differences. The Attitudes towards Lesbians and Gay Men (ATLG) scale, the 16-item Internalized Homonegativity (IHN-16) scale and the 8-item Homophobia (HF-8) scale were applied to a non-probability sample of 231 participants (54 % women and 46 % men). One hundred students were surveyed in a public school of medicine, 66 in a private school of medicine and 65 in a public school of psychology. The two expected components were defined, one of open/external rejection and another of subtle/internal rejection. The means of the open/external rejection subscales and component corresponded to an answer of disagreement with the rejection. The means of the subtle/internal rejection subscales and component corresponded to an answer of ambiguity between rejection and acceptance. The means among the three schools were statistically differential in the subscales of subtle rejection towards homosexual men (ATG-S) and rejection towards public manifestation of homosexuality (EXT), and in the subtle/internal rejection component. The means of the rejection towards own homosexual fantasies, desires and identity (INT) subscale were differential among the three schools when sex was partialized. Effect sizes were small. It is concluded that the variable career had a significant effect on the rejection towards non-heterosexual persons. Acceptance was greater among psychology students than among medicine students.
References
Burn, S. M., Kadlec, K., & Rexer, R. (2005). Effects of subtle heterosexism on gays, lesbians, bisexuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 49(2), 23-38. doi:10.1300/J082v49n02_02
Campo, A., Díaz, A. J., & Herazo, E. (2008). Homofobia en estudiantes de odontología e higiene oral: Revisión sistemática de la última década. Revista CES Odontología, 21(2), 63-68.
Campo, A., Herazo, E., & Cogollo, Z. (2010). Homophobia in nursing students. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 44(3), 839- 843.
Campo, A., & Herazo, E. (2008). Homofobia en estudiantes de medicina: Una revisión de los diez últimos años. MedUNAB, 11(2), 120- 123.
Cárdenas, M., & Barrientos, J. (2008). Actitudes explícitas e implícitas hacia los hombres homosexuales en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios en Chile. Psykhe, 17(2), 17-25. doi:10.4067/S0718-22282008000200002
Consejo Nacional para la Prevenir la Discrimi- nación [CONAPRED]. (2011). Encuesta nacional sobre discriminación en México 2010. Resultados generales. México: CONAPRED.
Crompton, L. (2006). Homosexuality and civilization. Cambridge: Belknap.
Currie, M. R., Cunningham, E. G., & Find- lay, B. M. (2004). The Short Internalized Homonegativity Scale: Examination of the factorial structure of a new measure of internalized homophobia. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(6), 1053-1067. doi:10.1177/0013164404264845
Ellis, P. D. (2010). The essential guide to effect sizes: An introduction to statistical power, meta-analysis and the interpretation of research results. New York: Cambridge Uni- versity Press.
Haddock, G. (2004). Contemporary perspectives on the psychology of attitudes. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Herek, G. M. (1984). Attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A factor analytic study. Journal of Homosexuality, 10(1/2), 39-51. doi:10.1300/J082v10n01_03
Herek, G. M. (2004). Beyond “homophobia”: Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 1(2), 6-24. doi:10.1525/ srsp.2004.1.2.6
Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (2009). Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights from a social psychological perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 32-43. doi:10.1037/a0014672
Herek, G. M., & McLemore, K. A. (2011). The Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men (ATLG) Scale. En T. Fisher, C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality-related measures (3rd ed., pp. 415- 417). Oxford, England: Taylor & Francis.
Herek, G. M., & McLemore, K. A. (2013). Sexual prejudice. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 309-333. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143826
Hsueh-Hao, H. (2009). Homosexual behavior in the United States, 1988-2004: Quantitative empirical support for the social construction theory of sexuality. Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, 12. Recuperado de http://www.ejhs.org/Volume12/Homosexuality. htm
Klamen, D. L., Grossman, L. S., & Kopacz, D. R. (1999). Medical student homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 37, 53-63. doi:10.1300/J082v37n01_04
Majied, K. (2008). A conceptual analysis of homophobia and heterosexism: Experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and questioning people (LBGTQ) in Trinidad. The Caribbean Journal of Social Work, 6 & 7, 144-166.
Matharu, K., Kravitz, R. L., McMahon, G. T., Wilson, M. D., & Fitzgerald, F. T. (2012). Medical students’ attitudes toward gay men. BMC Medical Education, 12, 71-78. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-12-71
Mayer, K. H., Bekker, L. G., Stall, R., Grulich, A. E., Colfax, G., & Lama, J. R. (2012). Comprehensive clinical care for men who have sex with men: An integrated approach. Lancet, 380(9839), 378-387. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(12)60835-6
Moral, J., & Martínez-Sulvarán, J. O. (2012). Validación de la Escala de Actitud hacia la Homosexualidad (EAH-10). Revista de Psi- cología Social, 27(2), 183-97.
Moral, J., & Valle, A. (2011). Escala de Actitudes hacia Lesbianas y Hombres Homosexuales en México 1. Estructura factorial y consistencia interna. Revista Electrónica Nova Scientia, 3(2), 139-157.
Moral, J., & Valle, A. (2012). Escala de Actitudes hacia Lesbianas y Hombres Homosexuales (ATLG) 2. Distribución y evidencias de validez. Revista Electrónica Nova Scientia, 4(1), 153-171.
Moral, J., & Valle, A. (2013a). Dimensionalidad, consistencia interna y distribución de la Escala Homonegatividad Internalizada en estudiantes mexicanos de ciencias de la salud. Acta Mexicana de Psicología, 3(1), 22-50.
Moral, J., & Valle, A. (2013b). Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de evaluación de la homofobia externalizada en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud mexicanos. Salud y Sociedad, 4(3), 230-247.
Moral, J., & Valle, A. (2013c). Description and prediction of rejection toward gay men and lesbians among students of health sciences from Mexico. International Journal of Psychology Research, 8(4), 14-26.
Morrison, T. G., Speakman, C., & Ryan, T. A. (2009). Irish university students’ support for the human rights of gay men and lesbian women. Journal of Homosexuality, 56, 387- 400. doi:10.1080/00918360902728871
Pulido, M. A., Huerta, A., Muñoz, F., Pahua, E., Pérez-Palacios, P., & Saracho, S. (2012). Homofobia en universidades de México. Revis- ta Internacional de Psicología y Educación, 15(2), 93-114.
Selleger, V. J., Bonke, B., & Leeman, Y. A. M. (2006). Student diversity at Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam: Does it make any difference? Medical Teacher, 28(5), 142-148. doi:10.1080/01421590600776552
Sociedad Mexicana de Psicología (2007). Código ético del psicólogo (4a ed.). México: Trillas.
Szymanski, D. M. (2008). Internalized heterosexism. Measurement, psychosocial correlates and research directions. Counseling Psychologist, 36, 525-574. doi:10.1177/0011000007309489
Whitehead, A. L., & Baker, J. O. (2012). Homosexuality, religion, and science: Moral authority and the persistence of negative attitudes. Sociological Inquiry, 82(4), 487-509. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2012.00425.x
Wienke, C., & Gretchen, J. H. (2013). Does place of residence matter? Rural-urban differences and the wellbeing of gay men and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1256-1279. doi:10.1080/00918369.2013.806166
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2014