Abstract
Family is the place where children enjoy their first interactions with the world. Parents provide children emotional, social as well as learning support. Mothers in particular, invest substantial time and energy on their children so they can survive and grow to be successful adults. In theory, mothers and fathers seek to invest in the upbringing of their children in order for them to achieve a process of adaptation and survival in the environment in which they live; therefore, they look for the best tools to achieve this goal. In this sense, the aim of this study is to investigate the perception of mothers and fathers about their parenting styles. The sample was 201 mothers and fathers of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, a northwestern city of Mexico. Students of psychology interviewed the parents in their houses. Descriptive statistics, t student and chi square were used for data analysis. Results indicate that parents identify themselves as good, responsible, loving and they do not report the use of physical punishment. We can conclude that parents have a positive perception of their parenting and educational styles.
References
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Collins, K., & Barber, H. (2005). Female athletes’ perceptions of parental influences. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28, 295-314.
De Clercq, B., Van Leeuwen, K., De Fruyt, F., Van Hiel, A., & Mervielde, I. (2008). Maladaptive personality traits and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: The moderating effect of parenting. Journal of Personality, 76, 357-383.
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Dornbusch, S. M., Ritter, P. L., Leiderman, P. H., Roberts, D. F., & Fraleigh, M. J. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 58, 1244–1257.
Eiden,R.D.,Edwards, E.P., & Leonard,K.E.(2007).A conceptual model for the development of externalizing behavior problems among kindergarten children of alcoholic families: Role of parenting and children’s self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1187-1201.
Frías, M., y McCloskey, L. (1998). Determinants of harsh parenting in Mexico. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26,129-139.
Harkness, S. (2002). Culture and Parenting. En M. H. Bornstein, (Ed.),
Handbook of Parenting, Second Edition, Volume 3, Social Ecology of Parenting (pp. 253-280). Mahwah, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Hoff, E., Laursen, B., & Tardif, T. (2002). Socioeconomic Status and Parenting. En M. H. Bornstein, (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting, Second Edition, Volume 3, Social Ecology of Parenting (pp. 231- 252). Mahwah, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Chen, H., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2006). Parenting behaviors associated with risk for offspring personality disorder during adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 579- 587.
Khaleque, A., Rohner, R. P., & Riaz, M. (2007). Perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment of children: A cross-cultural study in Finland, Pakistan, and the United States. Psychological Studies, 52, 114-119.
Knafo, A., & Plomin, R. (2006). Parental discipline and affection and children’s prosocial behavior: Genetic and environmental links. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 147-164.
Larsson, H., Viding, E., Rijsdijk, F., & Plomin, R. (2008). Relationships between parental negativity and childhood antisocial behavior over time: A bidirectional effects model in a longitudinal genetically informative design. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 633– 645.
Lengua, L. J. (2006). Growth in temperament and parenting as predictors of adjustment during children’s transition to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 42, 819-832.
LeVine, R. A., Dixon, S., LeVine, S., Richman, A., Leiderman, P. H., Keefer, C. H., & Brazelton, T. B. (1994). Child care and culture: Lessons from Africa. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Luyckx, K., Tildesley, E. A., Soenens, B., Andrews, J.A., Hampson, S.E., Peterson, M., & Duriez, B. (2011). Parenting and Trajectories of Children’s Maladaptive Behaviors:A12-YearProspectiveCommunity Study. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(3), 468–478.
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: parent–child interaction. En P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) y E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1–101) New York: Wiley.
Meunier, J.C., Roskam, I. & Browne, D.T. (2010). Relations between parenting and child behavior: Exploring the child’s personality and parental self-efficacy as third variables. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(3) 246–259.
Mogro-Wilson, C. (2008). The influence of parental warmth and control on Latino adolescent alcohol use. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 30, 89-105.
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 361-388.
Nord, C. W., Lennon, J., Liu, B., & Chandler, K. (2000). Home literacy activities and signs of children’s emerging literacy: 1993 and 1999. Education Statistics Quarterly, 2, 19–27.
Pan, B. A., Rowe, M. L., Singer, J., & Snow, C. E. (2005). Maternal correlates of toddler vocabulary production in low-income families. Child Development, 76, 763–782.
Raikes, H., Pan, B. A., Luze, G., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Brooks-Gunn, J., Constantine, J., et al. (2006). Mother–child book reading in low- income families: Correlates and outcomes during the first three years of life. Child Development, 77, 924–953.
Rodríguez, E. T., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Spellmann, M. E., Pan, B. A., Raikes, H., Lugo-Gil, J., et al. (2009). The formative role of home literacy experiences across the first three years of life in children from low-income families. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 677–694.
Sanders, M. (2008). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program as a public health approach to strengthening parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 506-517.
Suldo, S. M., & Huebner, E. S. (2004). The role of life satisfaction in the relationship between authoritative parenting dimensions and adolescent problem behavior. Social Indicators Research, 66, 165- 195.
Townsend, N. W. (2000). Male fertility as a lifetime of relationships: Contextualizing men’s biological reproduction in Botswana. En C.
Bledsoe, S. Lerner, & J. I. Guyer (Eds.), Fertility and the male life- cycle in the era of fertility decline (pp. 343–364). New York: Oxford University Press.
Van Leeuwen, K. G., & Vermulst, A. A. (2004). Ghent Parental Behavior Questionnaire: Psychometric properties; parents ratings; factor structure; internal consistency. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 4, 283-298.
Wachs, T. D. (2000). Necessary but not sufficient. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Wang, Q., Pomerantz, E. M., & Chen, H. (2007). The role of parents’ control in early adolescents’ psychological functioning: A longitudinal investigation in the United States and China. Child Development, 78, 1592-1610.
Baptiste, D. R., Tolou-Shams, M., Miller, S. R., Mcbride, C. K., & Paikoff, R. L. (2007). Determinants of parental monitoring and preadolescent sexual risk situations among African American families living in urban public housing. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 261-274.
Baumrind, D. (1983). Rejoinder to Lewis’s reinterpretation of parental firm control effects: Are authoritative families really harmonious? Psychological Bulletin, 94, 132–142.
Belsky, J. (2000). Conditional and alternative reproductive strategies: Individual differences in susceptibility to rearing experience. En J. Rodgers & D. Rowe (Eds.), Genetic influences on fertility and sexuality (pp. 127–146). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic.
Belsky, J., Putnam, S., & Crnic, K. (1997). Coparenting, parenting, and early emotional development. New Directions in Child Development, 74, 45–56.
Bjorklund, D. F., Yunger, J.L., & Pellegrini, A.D. (2002). The Evolution of Parenting and Evolutionary Approaches to Childrearing. En M. H. Bornstein, (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting, Second Edition, Volume 2, Biology and Ecology of Parenting (pp. 2-30). Mahwah, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Bradley, R. H., Corwyn, R. F., McAdoo, H. P., & García Coll, C.T. (2001). The Home Environments of Children in the United States Part I: Variations by Age, Ethnicity, and Poverty Status. Child Development, 72(6), 1844-1867.
Bradley, R. H. (2002). Environment and Parenting. En M. H. Bornstein, (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting, Second Edition, Volume 3, Social Ecology of Parenting (pp. 281-314). Mahwah, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Carlo, G., Mestre, M. C., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Armenta, B.E. (2010). The Longitudinal relations among dimentions of parenting styles, sympaty, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial behaviors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(2), 116-124.
Cole, P., & Tamang, B. L. (1998). Nepali children’s ideas about emotional displays in hypothetical challenges. Developmental Psychology, 34, 640–646.
Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55, 218–232.
Collins, K., & Barber, H. (2005). Female athletes’ perceptions of parental influences. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28, 295-314.
De Clercq, B., Van Leeuwen, K., De Fruyt, F., Van Hiel, A., & Mervielde, I. (2008). Maladaptive personality traits and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: The moderating effect of parenting. Journal of Personality, 76, 357-383.
Dishion, T. J., & McMahon, R. J. (1998). Parental monitoring and the prevention of adolescent problem behavior: A conceptual and empirical formulation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 61–75.
Dornbusch, S. M., Ritter, P. L., Leiderman, P. H., Roberts, D. F., & Fraleigh, M. J. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 58, 1244–1257.
Eiden,R.D.,Edwards, E.P., & Leonard,K.E.(2007).A conceptual model for the development of externalizing behavior problems among kindergarten children of alcoholic families: Role of parenting and children’s self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1187-1201.
Frías, M., y McCloskey, L. (1998). Determinants of harsh parenting in Mexico. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26,129-139.
Harkness, S. (2002). Culture and Parenting. En M. H. Bornstein, (Ed.),
Handbook of Parenting, Second Edition, Volume 3, Social Ecology of Parenting (pp. 253-280). Mahwah, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Hoff, E., Laursen, B., & Tardif, T. (2002). Socioeconomic Status and Parenting. En M. H. Bornstein, (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting, Second Edition, Volume 3, Social Ecology of Parenting (pp. 231- 252). Mahwah, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Chen, H., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2006). Parenting behaviors associated with risk for offspring personality disorder during adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 579- 587.
Khaleque, A., Rohner, R. P., & Riaz, M. (2007). Perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment of children: A cross-cultural study in Finland, Pakistan, and the United States. Psychological Studies, 52, 114-119.
Knafo, A., & Plomin, R. (2006). Parental discipline and affection and children’s prosocial behavior: Genetic and environmental links. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 147-164.
Larsson, H., Viding, E., Rijsdijk, F., & Plomin, R. (2008). Relationships between parental negativity and childhood antisocial behavior over time: A bidirectional effects model in a longitudinal genetically informative design. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 633– 645.
Lengua, L. J. (2006). Growth in temperament and parenting as predictors of adjustment during children’s transition to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 42, 819-832.
LeVine, R. A., Dixon, S., LeVine, S., Richman, A., Leiderman, P. H., Keefer, C. H., & Brazelton, T. B. (1994). Child care and culture: Lessons from Africa. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Luyckx, K., Tildesley, E. A., Soenens, B., Andrews, J.A., Hampson, S.E., Peterson, M., & Duriez, B. (2011). Parenting and Trajectories of Children’s Maladaptive Behaviors:A12-YearProspectiveCommunity Study. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(3), 468–478.
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: parent–child interaction. En P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) y E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1–101) New York: Wiley.
Meunier, J.C., Roskam, I. & Browne, D.T. (2010). Relations between parenting and child behavior: Exploring the child’s personality and parental self-efficacy as third variables. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(3) 246–259.
Mogro-Wilson, C. (2008). The influence of parental warmth and control on Latino adolescent alcohol use. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 30, 89-105.
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 361-388.
Nord, C. W., Lennon, J., Liu, B., & Chandler, K. (2000). Home literacy activities and signs of children’s emerging literacy: 1993 and 1999. Education Statistics Quarterly, 2, 19–27.
Pan, B. A., Rowe, M. L., Singer, J., & Snow, C. E. (2005). Maternal correlates of toddler vocabulary production in low-income families. Child Development, 76, 763–782.
Raikes, H., Pan, B. A., Luze, G., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Brooks-Gunn, J., Constantine, J., et al. (2006). Mother–child book reading in low- income families: Correlates and outcomes during the first three years of life. Child Development, 77, 924–953.
Rodríguez, E. T., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Spellmann, M. E., Pan, B. A., Raikes, H., Lugo-Gil, J., et al. (2009). The formative role of home literacy experiences across the first three years of life in children from low-income families. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 677–694.
Sanders, M. (2008). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program as a public health approach to strengthening parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 506-517.
Suldo, S. M., & Huebner, E. S. (2004). The role of life satisfaction in the relationship between authoritative parenting dimensions and adolescent problem behavior. Social Indicators Research, 66, 165- 195.
Townsend, N. W. (2000). Male fertility as a lifetime of relationships: Contextualizing men’s biological reproduction in Botswana. En C.
Bledsoe, S. Lerner, & J. I. Guyer (Eds.), Fertility and the male life- cycle in the era of fertility decline (pp. 343–364). New York: Oxford University Press.
Van Leeuwen, K. G., & Vermulst, A. A. (2004). Ghent Parental Behavior Questionnaire: Psychometric properties; parents ratings; factor structure; internal consistency. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 4, 283-298.
Wachs, T. D. (2000). Necessary but not sufficient. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Wang, Q., Pomerantz, E. M., & Chen, H. (2007). The role of parents’ control in early adolescents’ psychological functioning: A longitudinal investigation in the United States and China. Child Development, 78, 1592-1610.
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