Keywords
empathy
children
measurement
development
personality
children
measurement
development
personality
How to Cite
Flores Galaz, M. M. ., Cortés Ayala, M. de L. ., & Morales Manrique, M. T. . (2017). Validation study of the emotional empathy questionnaire for children. Psicumex, 7(2), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.36793/psicumex.v7i2.322
Abstract
The objective of the study was to analyze the psychometric properties and validity of the Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Emphathy Mehrabian & Epstein, Spanish version of Garaigordobil. A total of 530 children were selected through non-probabilistic sampling, 262 (49.4%) boys and 268 (50.6%) girls, with a mean age of 10.81 years old (SD = 1.12) from public schoolsin Merida, Yucatan. Confirmatory factorial analysis revealed a good fit with two factors: empathy and non-empathy (χ2 (118) = 281.54, p < .001; CFI = 0.921, GFI = 0.942, AGFI = 0.925, TLI = 0.899, RMSEA = .051, The replicability of the original model of Mehrabian and Epstein and of the validated version with Spanish children Garaigordobil, was confirmed, and the results showed high scores in empathy, being the girls who showed higher levels of empathy than the boys. Similar findings were produced in these Mexican children.
References
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Albiero, P., & Matricardi, G. (2013). Empathy towards people of different race and ethnicity: Further empirical evidence for the Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 648-655. doi: http://dx.doi.org10.1016/j. ijintrel.2013.05.003
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger Syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163-175. doi:10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00
Batson, C. D. (1991). The Altruism Question: Toward a Social Psychological Answer. Hills-dale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bautista, H. G., Vera-Noriega, J. A., Tánori Q. J., & Valdés-Cuervo, A. A. (2016). Propiedades psicométricas de una escala para medir empatía en estudiantes de secundaria en México. Revista Electrónica "Actualidades Investigativas en Educación", 16(3), 1-20.
Belecchi, C., & Farina, E. (2012). Feeling and thinking of others: affective and cognitive empathy and emotion comprehension in prosocial/hostile preschoolers. Aggressive Behavior, 38, 150-165. Recuperado de http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ ab.21415/full.
Bentler, P. M. (1989). EQS Structural equations program manual. Los Angeles, CA: BMDP Statistical Software.
Butrus, N., & Witenberg, R. T. (2013). Some Personality Predictors of Tolerance to Human Diversity: The Roles of Openness, Agreeableness, and Empathy. Australian Psychologist, 48, 290-298. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00081.x
Bryant, B. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development, 53, 413-425.
Calvo, A. J., González, R., & Martorell, M.C. (2001). Variables relacionadas con la conducta prosocial en la infancia y adolescencia: personalidad, autoconcepto y género. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 24(1), 95- 111.
Caruso, D. R., & Mayer, J. D. (1998). Emotional empathy scale. A measure of emotional empathy. Documento inédito.
Cattell, R. B. (1966). The screen test of the number of significant factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 140-161.
Dadds M. R., Hawes, D. J., Frost, A., Vassallo, S., Bunn, P., Hunter, K., & Merz, S. (2009). Learning to ‘‘talk the talk’’: The relationship of psychopathic traits to deficits in empathy across childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 599-606.
Davis, M. H. (1966). Empathy. A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology 10, 85.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113- 126. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
De Wied, M., Branje, S., & Meeus, W. (2007). Empathy and conflict resolution in friendship relations among adolescents. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 48-55. Recuperado de http:// dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.20166.
Dymond, R. F. (1949). The scale for the measurement of em-pathic ability. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 13, 127-133.
Díaz-Loving, R., Andrade-Palos, P., & Nadelsticher-Mitrani, A. (1986). Desarrollo de la Escala Multidimensional de Empatía (EASE). Revista de Psicología Social y Personalidad, 2(1), 3-11.
Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (1987). Empathy and its development. Cambridge: University Press.
Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, Regulation and Moral Development. Annual Review Psychology, 51, 665-697. doi: 10.1146/ annurev.psych.51.1.665
Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Fabes, R., & Liew, J. (2005). Relations among positive parenting, children’s effortful control, and externalizing problems: A three- wave longitudinal study. Child Development, 76, 1055-1071.
Fernández-Pinto, I., López-Pérez, B., & Márquez, M. (2008). Empatía: Medidas, teorías y aplicaciones en revisión. Anales de Psicología, 24, 284-298.
Garaigordobil, M. (2000). Un estudio correlacional de las cogniciones prejuiciosas con diversas conductas sociales y con rasgos de personalidad. Anuario de Psicología, 31(3), 39-57.
Garaigordobil, M. (2009). A comparative anal¬ysis of empathy in childhood and adolescence: Gender differences and associated socio-emotional variables. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 9, 217-235.
Garaigordobil, M., Álvarez, Z., & Carralero, V. (2004). Conducta antisocial en niños de 10 a 12 años: factores de personalidad asociados y variables predictoras. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 30(130), 241-271.
Garaigordobil, M., & García de Galdeano, P. (2006). Empatía en niños de 10 a 12 años. Psicothema, 18, 180-186.
Garaigordobil, M., & Maganto, C. (2011). Evaluación de un programa de educación para la paz durante la adolescencia: Efectos en el autoconcepto, y en el concepto de los inmigrantes, de la paz y la violencia. Revista de Investigación en Educación, 9 (1) ,102- 111. Recuperado de http://webs.uvigo. es/reined/ojs/index.php/reined/article/ viewFile/217/122.
Gorostiaga, A., Balluerka, N., & Soroa, G. (2014). Evaluación de la empatía en el ámbito educativo y su relación con la inteligencia emocional. Revista de Educación, 364, 12- 38. doi: 10.4438/1988-592X-RE-2014-364- 253
Gutiérrez, S. M., Escartí, C. A., & Pascual, B. C. (2011). Relaciones entre empatía, conducta prosocial, agresividad, autoeficacia y responsabilidad personal y social delos escolares. Psicothema, 23(1), 13-19.
Hodges, S. D., Clark, B. A., & Myers, M. W. (2011). Better living through perspective taking. En R. Biswas-Diener (Ed.), Positive psychology as social change (pp. 193-218). Springer: Netherlands.
Hoffman, M. L. (1983). Empathy, guilt and social cognition. En F.W. Overton (Ed.), The relationship between social and cognitive development (pp.120-141). London: LEA.
Hoffman, M. L. (1989). Empathic emotions and justice in society. Social Justice Research, 3, 283-311.
Hoffman, M. L. (2008). Empathy and prosocial behavior. En M. Lewis, J. Haviland Jones & L. Feldman Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 440-455). New York: Guilford Publication.
Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an Empathy Scale. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316.
Hojat, M., Mangione, S., Nasca, T. J., Cohen, M. J. M., & Vergare, M. (2002). The Jefferson Scale of physician empathy: development and preliminary psychometrics. Educational Psychology Measurement, 61, 349-365.
Igartua, J. J., & Páez, R. D. (1998). Validez y Fiabilidad de una escala de empatía e identificación con los personajes. Psicothema, 10(2), 423-436.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1989). Lisrel 7. A guide to the program and applications. Chicago, Illinois: SPSS Inc.
Kaukiainen, A., Bjoerkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., Oesterman, K., Salmivalli, C., Rothberg, S., & Ahlbom, A. (1999). The relationships between social intelligence, empathy and three types of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 25(2), 81-89.
Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3a. ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Letourneau, C. (1981). Empathy and stress: How they affect parental aggression. Social Work, 26, 383-389.
Li, W., Mai, X., & Liu, C. (2014). The default mode network and social understanding of others: what do brain connectivity studies tell us. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 1-15. Recuperado dehttp://dx.doi. org/10.3389/fnhum. 2014.00074.
López-Pérez, B., Fernández-Pinto, I., & Abad, F.J. (2008). Test de Empatía Cognitiva y Afectiva (TECA). Madrid: Tea Ediciones, S.A.
McMahon, S. D., Wernsman., J., & Parnes, A. L. (2006). Understanding prosocial behaviour: The impact of empathy and gender among African American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39 (1), 135-137.
Mehrabian, A. & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525-543.
Mehrabian, A. (1997). Analysis of affiliation-related traits in terms of the PAD Temperament Model. Journal of Psychology, 131,101-117.
Mestre, V., Samper, P., & Frías, M.D. (2002). Procesos cognitivos y emocionales predictores de la conducta prosocial y agresiva: la empatía como factor modulador. Psicothema, 14(2), 227-232.
Mestre, M.V., Frías, M. D., & Samper, P. (2004). La medida de la empatía: análisis del Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Psicothema, 16 (2), 255-260.
Mikolajewski, A. J., Chavarria, J., Moltisanti, A., Hart, S. A., & Taylor, J. (2014). Examining the factor structure and etiology of prosociality. Psychological Assessment, 26 (4), 1259-1267. Recuperado dehttp:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037132.
Miller, P.A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/ antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 324-344.
Olmedo, C. P., & Montes, B. B. (2009). In¬troducción conceptual de la empatía. Ini-ciación a la Investigación, 4, 3. Recuperado dehttp://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index. php/ininv/article/view/307/289.
Pérez-Albéniz, A., De Paúl, J., Etxeberría, J., Montes, M.P., & Torres, E. (2003). Adaptación del Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) al español. Psicothema, 15, 267- 272.
Real Academia Española. (2014). Diccionario de la lengua española (2014). Recuperado de http://dle.rae.es/?id=DgIqVCc.
Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A Review of Sex Differences in Peer Relationship Processes: Potential Trade-offs for the Emotional and Behavioral Development of Girls and Boys. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 98-131.
Sánchez-Aragón, R., & Martínez-Pérez, M.(2016). Empatía en el contexto romántico: diseño y validación de una medida. Universitas Psychologica, 15(1), 15-24.
Shen, Y. L., Carlo, G., & Knight, G. P. (2013). Relations between parental discipline, empathy-related traits, and prosocial moral reasoning: A multicultural examination. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 33, 994-1021. doi: 10.1177/0272431613479670.
Shih, M. J., Stotzer, R., & Gutiérrez, A. S. (2013). Perspective-taking and empathy: generalizing the reduction of group bias towards asian americans to general outgroups. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4, 79- 83. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029790.
Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M.C., Mar, A. R., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 62-71. doi: 10.1080/00223890802484381.
Tur-Porcar, A., Llorca, A., Malonda, E., Samper, P., & Mestre, V. M. (2016). Empatía en la adolescencia. Relaciones con razonamiento moral prosocial, conducta prosocial y agresividad. Acción Psicológica, 13(2), 3-14.
Zacarías-Salinas, X., & Andrade-Palos, P. (2014). Una Escala para evaluar Prácticas Parentales que promueven la Conducta Prosocial en Preadolescentes. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación, 2(38), 17-135.
Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992). Development of concern for others. Developmental Psychology, 28(1), 126-136. Recuperado d e h t t p : / / d x . d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 3 7 / 0 0 1 2 - 1649.28.1.126.
Zhou, Q., Valiente, C., & Eisenberg, N. (2003). Empathy and its measurement. En S. J. López & C.R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 269-284). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Zembylas, M. (2013). The emotional complexities of “our” and “their” loss: The vicissitudes of teaching about/for empathy in a conflicting society. Anthropology and Education. 44, 1, 19-37.
Albiero, P., & Matricardi, G. (2013). Empathy towards people of different race and ethnicity: Further empirical evidence for the Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 648-655. doi: http://dx.doi.org10.1016/j. ijintrel.2013.05.003
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger Syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163-175. doi:10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00
Batson, C. D. (1991). The Altruism Question: Toward a Social Psychological Answer. Hills-dale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bautista, H. G., Vera-Noriega, J. A., Tánori Q. J., & Valdés-Cuervo, A. A. (2016). Propiedades psicométricas de una escala para medir empatía en estudiantes de secundaria en México. Revista Electrónica "Actualidades Investigativas en Educación", 16(3), 1-20.
Belecchi, C., & Farina, E. (2012). Feeling and thinking of others: affective and cognitive empathy and emotion comprehension in prosocial/hostile preschoolers. Aggressive Behavior, 38, 150-165. Recuperado de http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ ab.21415/full.
Bentler, P. M. (1989). EQS Structural equations program manual. Los Angeles, CA: BMDP Statistical Software.
Butrus, N., & Witenberg, R. T. (2013). Some Personality Predictors of Tolerance to Human Diversity: The Roles of Openness, Agreeableness, and Empathy. Australian Psychologist, 48, 290-298. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00081.x
Bryant, B. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development, 53, 413-425.
Calvo, A. J., González, R., & Martorell, M.C. (2001). Variables relacionadas con la conducta prosocial en la infancia y adolescencia: personalidad, autoconcepto y género. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 24(1), 95- 111.
Caruso, D. R., & Mayer, J. D. (1998). Emotional empathy scale. A measure of emotional empathy. Documento inédito.
Cattell, R. B. (1966). The screen test of the number of significant factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 140-161.
Dadds M. R., Hawes, D. J., Frost, A., Vassallo, S., Bunn, P., Hunter, K., & Merz, S. (2009). Learning to ‘‘talk the talk’’: The relationship of psychopathic traits to deficits in empathy across childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 599-606.
Davis, M. H. (1966). Empathy. A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology 10, 85.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113- 126. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
De Wied, M., Branje, S., & Meeus, W. (2007). Empathy and conflict resolution in friendship relations among adolescents. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 48-55. Recuperado de http:// dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.20166.
Dymond, R. F. (1949). The scale for the measurement of em-pathic ability. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 13, 127-133.
Díaz-Loving, R., Andrade-Palos, P., & Nadelsticher-Mitrani, A. (1986). Desarrollo de la Escala Multidimensional de Empatía (EASE). Revista de Psicología Social y Personalidad, 2(1), 3-11.
Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (1987). Empathy and its development. Cambridge: University Press.
Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, Regulation and Moral Development. Annual Review Psychology, 51, 665-697. doi: 10.1146/ annurev.psych.51.1.665
Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Fabes, R., & Liew, J. (2005). Relations among positive parenting, children’s effortful control, and externalizing problems: A three- wave longitudinal study. Child Development, 76, 1055-1071.
Fernández-Pinto, I., López-Pérez, B., & Márquez, M. (2008). Empatía: Medidas, teorías y aplicaciones en revisión. Anales de Psicología, 24, 284-298.
Garaigordobil, M. (2000). Un estudio correlacional de las cogniciones prejuiciosas con diversas conductas sociales y con rasgos de personalidad. Anuario de Psicología, 31(3), 39-57.
Garaigordobil, M. (2009). A comparative anal¬ysis of empathy in childhood and adolescence: Gender differences and associated socio-emotional variables. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 9, 217-235.
Garaigordobil, M., Álvarez, Z., & Carralero, V. (2004). Conducta antisocial en niños de 10 a 12 años: factores de personalidad asociados y variables predictoras. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 30(130), 241-271.
Garaigordobil, M., & García de Galdeano, P. (2006). Empatía en niños de 10 a 12 años. Psicothema, 18, 180-186.
Garaigordobil, M., & Maganto, C. (2011). Evaluación de un programa de educación para la paz durante la adolescencia: Efectos en el autoconcepto, y en el concepto de los inmigrantes, de la paz y la violencia. Revista de Investigación en Educación, 9 (1) ,102- 111. Recuperado de http://webs.uvigo. es/reined/ojs/index.php/reined/article/ viewFile/217/122.
Gorostiaga, A., Balluerka, N., & Soroa, G. (2014). Evaluación de la empatía en el ámbito educativo y su relación con la inteligencia emocional. Revista de Educación, 364, 12- 38. doi: 10.4438/1988-592X-RE-2014-364- 253
Gutiérrez, S. M., Escartí, C. A., & Pascual, B. C. (2011). Relaciones entre empatía, conducta prosocial, agresividad, autoeficacia y responsabilidad personal y social delos escolares. Psicothema, 23(1), 13-19.
Hodges, S. D., Clark, B. A., & Myers, M. W. (2011). Better living through perspective taking. En R. Biswas-Diener (Ed.), Positive psychology as social change (pp. 193-218). Springer: Netherlands.
Hoffman, M. L. (1983). Empathy, guilt and social cognition. En F.W. Overton (Ed.), The relationship between social and cognitive development (pp.120-141). London: LEA.
Hoffman, M. L. (1989). Empathic emotions and justice in society. Social Justice Research, 3, 283-311.
Hoffman, M. L. (2008). Empathy and prosocial behavior. En M. Lewis, J. Haviland Jones & L. Feldman Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 440-455). New York: Guilford Publication.
Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an Empathy Scale. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316.
Hojat, M., Mangione, S., Nasca, T. J., Cohen, M. J. M., & Vergare, M. (2002). The Jefferson Scale of physician empathy: development and preliminary psychometrics. Educational Psychology Measurement, 61, 349-365.
Igartua, J. J., & Páez, R. D. (1998). Validez y Fiabilidad de una escala de empatía e identificación con los personajes. Psicothema, 10(2), 423-436.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1989). Lisrel 7. A guide to the program and applications. Chicago, Illinois: SPSS Inc.
Kaukiainen, A., Bjoerkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., Oesterman, K., Salmivalli, C., Rothberg, S., & Ahlbom, A. (1999). The relationships between social intelligence, empathy and three types of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 25(2), 81-89.
Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3a. ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Letourneau, C. (1981). Empathy and stress: How they affect parental aggression. Social Work, 26, 383-389.
Li, W., Mai, X., & Liu, C. (2014). The default mode network and social understanding of others: what do brain connectivity studies tell us. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 1-15. Recuperado dehttp://dx.doi. org/10.3389/fnhum. 2014.00074.
López-Pérez, B., Fernández-Pinto, I., & Abad, F.J. (2008). Test de Empatía Cognitiva y Afectiva (TECA). Madrid: Tea Ediciones, S.A.
McMahon, S. D., Wernsman., J., & Parnes, A. L. (2006). Understanding prosocial behaviour: The impact of empathy and gender among African American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39 (1), 135-137.
Mehrabian, A. & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525-543.
Mehrabian, A. (1997). Analysis of affiliation-related traits in terms of the PAD Temperament Model. Journal of Psychology, 131,101-117.
Mestre, V., Samper, P., & Frías, M.D. (2002). Procesos cognitivos y emocionales predictores de la conducta prosocial y agresiva: la empatía como factor modulador. Psicothema, 14(2), 227-232.
Mestre, M.V., Frías, M. D., & Samper, P. (2004). La medida de la empatía: análisis del Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Psicothema, 16 (2), 255-260.
Mikolajewski, A. J., Chavarria, J., Moltisanti, A., Hart, S. A., & Taylor, J. (2014). Examining the factor structure and etiology of prosociality. Psychological Assessment, 26 (4), 1259-1267. Recuperado dehttp:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037132.
Miller, P.A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/ antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 324-344.
Olmedo, C. P., & Montes, B. B. (2009). In¬troducción conceptual de la empatía. Ini-ciación a la Investigación, 4, 3. Recuperado dehttp://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index. php/ininv/article/view/307/289.
Pérez-Albéniz, A., De Paúl, J., Etxeberría, J., Montes, M.P., & Torres, E. (2003). Adaptación del Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) al español. Psicothema, 15, 267- 272.
Real Academia Española. (2014). Diccionario de la lengua española (2014). Recuperado de http://dle.rae.es/?id=DgIqVCc.
Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A Review of Sex Differences in Peer Relationship Processes: Potential Trade-offs for the Emotional and Behavioral Development of Girls and Boys. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 98-131.
Sánchez-Aragón, R., & Martínez-Pérez, M.(2016). Empatía en el contexto romántico: diseño y validación de una medida. Universitas Psychologica, 15(1), 15-24.
Shen, Y. L., Carlo, G., & Knight, G. P. (2013). Relations between parental discipline, empathy-related traits, and prosocial moral reasoning: A multicultural examination. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 33, 994-1021. doi: 10.1177/0272431613479670.
Shih, M. J., Stotzer, R., & Gutiérrez, A. S. (2013). Perspective-taking and empathy: generalizing the reduction of group bias towards asian americans to general outgroups. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4, 79- 83. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029790.
Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M.C., Mar, A. R., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 62-71. doi: 10.1080/00223890802484381.
Tur-Porcar, A., Llorca, A., Malonda, E., Samper, P., & Mestre, V. M. (2016). Empatía en la adolescencia. Relaciones con razonamiento moral prosocial, conducta prosocial y agresividad. Acción Psicológica, 13(2), 3-14.
Zacarías-Salinas, X., & Andrade-Palos, P. (2014). Una Escala para evaluar Prácticas Parentales que promueven la Conducta Prosocial en Preadolescentes. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación, 2(38), 17-135.
Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992). Development of concern for others. Developmental Psychology, 28(1), 126-136. Recuperado d e h t t p : / / d x . d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 3 7 / 0 0 1 2 - 1649.28.1.126.
Zhou, Q., Valiente, C., & Eisenberg, N. (2003). Empathy and its measurement. En S. J. López & C.R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 269-284). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Zembylas, M. (2013). The emotional complexities of “our” and “their” loss: The vicissitudes of teaching about/for empathy in a conflicting society. Anthropology and Education. 44, 1, 19-37.
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