Keywords
attitude
homosexuality
homophobia
homonegativity
heterosexism
homosexuality
homophobia
homonegativity
heterosexism
How to Cite
Moral de la Rubia, J. ., & Valle de la O, A. . (2014). Contrast of a 3-factor Structure for the Attitude Toward Lesbian and Gay Men (ATLG) scale . Psicumex, 3(2), 33–51. https://doi.org/10.36793/psicumex.v3i2.221
Abstract
The aims of this paper were to compare the 3-factor model proposed by Moral and Valle (2011), for the ATLG scale, and provide validity evidences for it. The ATLG scale (Herek, 1984), the internalized homonegativity scale (HNI-16; Moral & Valle, 2013) and the homophobia scale (HFK- 10; Klamen, Grossman, & Kopacz, 1999) were applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 231 Mexican students of health sciences (121 women and 103 men). Three structural models were contrasted by Generalized Least Squares (GLS): one general factor, two correlated factors and three factors hierarchized to a general factor. The models of two correlated factors and three hierarchized factors had an equivalent goodness of fit and were significantly higher than the one-factor model. However, the data showed unidimensionality based on three arguments: 1) the values of correlations and regression coefficients of first-order factors were very high, 2) Horn’s parallel analysis indicated that the number of factors is one, and thus the variance explained by a second or third factor could be due to random, and 3) the goodness of fit of the unidimensional model was acceptable and very similar to that of the other two models. The correlations of the ATLG total score with the total scores of HNI-16 and HFK-10 were high. The self-defined sexual orientation and having gay friends had a medium size effect on the ATLG total score. It is concluded that the ATLG scale is unidimensional, and shows validity evidences. A simplified form of 5 items is suggested.
References
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Blackwell, C. W., & Kiehl, E. M. (2008). Homophobia in registered nurses: Impact on LGB youth. Journal of LGBT Youth, 5(4), 28-44. http://dx.d oi:10.1080/19361650802222989
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Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Psychology Press.
Córdova, J. A., Ponce, S., & Valdespino, J. L. (2009). 25 años de SIDA en México. Retos, logros y desaciertos. México, DF: CENSIDA.
Cragg, J. G. (1983). More efficient estimation in the presence of heteroscedasticity of unknown form. Econometrica, 51, 751-764. http:// dx.doi.org/10.2307/1912156
Crompton, L. (2006). Homosexuality and civilization. Cambridge: Belknap.
Cronbach, L. J., & Shavelson, R. J. (2004). My current thoughts on coefficient alpha and successor procedures. Education- al and Psychological Measurement, 64, 91-418. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/0013164404266386
Currie, M. R., Cunningham, E. G., & Findlay, B. M. (2004). The Short Internalized Homonegativity Scale: Examination of the factorial structure of a new measure of internalized homophobia. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 1053-1067. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/0013164404264845
Díaz-Guerrero, R. (2003). Bajo las garras de la cultura. México, DF: Editorial Trillas.
Haddock, G. (2004). Contemporary perspectives on the psychology of attitudes. New York: Publisher Taylor & Francis.
Herek, G. M. (1984). Attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A factor analytic study. Journal of Homosexuality, 10(1/2), 39-51. http://dx.doi. org/10.1300/J082v10n01_03
Herek, G. M. (1994). Assessing heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A review of empirical research with the ATLG scale. En B. Greene & G.M. Herek (Eds.), Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 206-228). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Herek, G. M. (2004). Beyond “homophobia”: Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 1(2), 6-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.6
Herek, G. M. (2009). Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences among sexual minority adults in the United States: Prevalence estimates from a national probability sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 54-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260508316477
Herek, G. M., Chopp, R., & Strohl, D. (2007). Sexual stigma: Putting sexual minority health issues in context. En I. Meyer & M. Northridge (Eds.), The health of sexual minorities: Public health perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations (pp. 171-208). New York: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-31334-4_8
Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (2009). Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights from a social psychological perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 32-43. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014672
Herek, G. M., & McLemore, K. A. (2011). The Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men (ATLG) scale. En T. Fisher, C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality-related measures (3rd ed., pp. 415-417). Oxford, England: Taylor & Francis.
Herek, G. M., & McLemore, K. A. (2013). Sexual prejudice. Annual Re- view of Psychology, 64, 309-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev- psych-113011-143826
Klamen, D. L., Grossman, L. S., & Kopacz, D. R. (1999). Medical student homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 37, 53-63. http://dx.doi. org/10.1300/J082v37n01_04
Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation mode- ling (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Majied, K. (2008). A conceptual analysis of homophobia and heterosexism: Experiences of lesbians, gay, bisexual, transgendered and questioning people (LGBTQ) in Trinidad. The Caribbean Journal of Social Work, 6-7, 144-166.
Major, B., & Eccleston, C. P. (2005). Stigma and social exclusion. En D. Abrams, J. Marques & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social psychology of inclu- sion and exclusion (pp. 63-87). New York: Psychol. Press.
Mayer, K. H., Bekker, L. G., Stall, R., Grulich, A. E., Colfax, G., & Lama, J. R. (2012). Comprehensive clinical care for men who have sex with men: an integrated approach. Lancet, 380(9839), 378-87. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60835-6.
Moral, J. (2006). Análisis factorial confirmatorio. En R. Landero & M. T. González (Eds.), Estadística con SPSS y metodología de la inves- tigación (pp. 445-528). México, DF: Editorial Trillas.
Moral, J. (2010). Una propuesta explicativa integradora de la conducta homosexual. Revista Electrónica de Motivación y Emoción, 13(34), 1-15. Recuperado de: http://reme.uji.es/articulos/numero34/article9/ texto.html
Moral, J., & Segovia, P. (2011). Discriminación en mujeres que viven con VIH/SIDA. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud. 2(2), 139- 159.
Moral, J., & Valle, A. (2011). Escala de Actitudes hacia Lesbianas y Hom- bres Homosexuales en México 1. Estructura factorial y consistencia interna. Revista Electrónica Nova Scientia, 3(2), 139-157.
Moral, J., & Valle, A. (2012). Escala de Actitudes hacia Lesbianas y Hom- bres Homosexuales (ATLG) 2. Distribución y evidencias de validez. Revista Electrónica Nova Scientia, 4(1), 153-171.
Moral, J., & Valle, A. (2013). Dimensionalidad, consistencia interna y distribución de la Escala Homonegatividad Internalizada en estu- diantes mexicanos de Ciencias de la Salud. Acta Mexicana de Psicología, 3(1), 22-50.
Neumann, R., Hülsenbeck, K., & Seibt, B. (2004). Attitudes towards people with AIDS and avoidance behavior: Automatic and reflective bases of behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 543-550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2003.10.006
Organización Mundial de la Salud (1992). CIE-10. Trastornos mentales y del comportamiento. Descripciones clínicas y pautas para el diagnóstico. Madrid: Meditor.
Preacher, K. J., & Coffman, D. L. (2006). Computing power and minimum sample size for RMSEA [Computer software]. Recuperado de: http:// quantpsy.org/rmsea/rmsea.htm
Sánchez, N. F., Rabatin, J., Sánchez, J. P., Hubbard, S., & Kalet, A. (2006). Medical students’ ability to care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered patients. Family Medicine, 38, 21-27.
Sequeira, G. M., Chakraborti, C., & Panunti, B. A. (2012). Integrating lesbians, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) content into under- graduate medical school curricula: A qualitative study. The Ochner Journal, 12(4), 379-382.
Sociedad Mexicana de Psicología. (2007). Código ético del psicólogo (4a edición). México, DF: Editorial Trillas.
SPSS Incorporation (2007). The SPSS base 16.0. User’s guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
Stoever, C. J., & Morera, O. F. (2007). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men (ATLG) measure. Journal of Homosexuality, 52(3-4), 189-209, available via: http://dx.doi:10.1300/ J082v52n03_09
Turner,J.C.,&Reynolds,K.(2007). A self-categorization theory. En P.A.M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (vol. 2, pp. 399-418). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222. n46
Vázquez, V., & Chávez, M. E. (2008). Género, sexualidad y el poder. El chisme en la vida estudiantil de la Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, México. Estudios sobre las Culturas Contemporáneas, 14(27), 77-112.
Weber-Gilmore, G., Rose, S., & Rubinstein, R. (2011). The impact of internalized homophobia on outness for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. The Professional Counselor: Research and Practice, 1(3), 163-175.
White, M. E., & Murrell, A. R. (2012). Attitudes and internalized homophobia in gay and lesbian college students. En Association for Contextual Behavior Science (Ed.), Proceedings of X annual world conference. Washington, DC: Author.
Wittig, M. (2005). El pensamiento heterosexual y otros ensayos. Madrid: Egales.
Young, F. W. (2010). ViSta “The Visual Statistics System”, version 7.9.2.5 [computer software] [on-line]. Recuperado de: http://www.visual- stats.org.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2007). AMOS 16.0 user’s guide. Spring House, PA: Amos Development.
Barrientos, J., & Cárdenas, M. (2012). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Spanish language version of the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (ATLG). Universitas Psichologica, 11, 579-586.
Blackwell, C. W., & Kiehl, E. M. (2008). Homophobia in registered nurses: Impact on LGB youth. Journal of LGBT Youth, 5(4), 28-44. http://dx.d oi:10.1080/19361650802222989
Cárdenas, M., & Barrientos, J. (2008a). The Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (ATLG): Adaptation and testing the reliability and validity in Chile. Journal of Sex Research, 45(2), 140-149. doi:10.1080/00224490801987424
Cárdenas, M., & Barrientos, J. (2008b). Actitudes implícitas y explícitas hacia los hombres homosexuales en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios en Chile. Psykhe, 17(2), 17-25.
Centro Nacional para la Prevención y el Control del SIDA (2012). VIH/ SIDA en México 2012. México, DF: CENSIDA.
Chonody, J., Siebert, C. F., Siebert, D. C., & Rutledget, S. E. (2011). The importance of confirmatory validation: A study of the short version of the attitudes toward lesbians and gays (ATLG-S). Presentation for the annual meeting of the society for social work and research in Tampa, Florida. Jannuary, 2011.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Psychology Press.
Córdova, J. A., Ponce, S., & Valdespino, J. L. (2009). 25 años de SIDA en México. Retos, logros y desaciertos. México, DF: CENSIDA.
Cragg, J. G. (1983). More efficient estimation in the presence of heteroscedasticity of unknown form. Econometrica, 51, 751-764. http:// dx.doi.org/10.2307/1912156
Crompton, L. (2006). Homosexuality and civilization. Cambridge: Belknap.
Cronbach, L. J., & Shavelson, R. J. (2004). My current thoughts on coefficient alpha and successor procedures. Education- al and Psychological Measurement, 64, 91-418. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/0013164404266386
Currie, M. R., Cunningham, E. G., & Findlay, B. M. (2004). The Short Internalized Homonegativity Scale: Examination of the factorial structure of a new measure of internalized homophobia. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 1053-1067. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/0013164404264845
Díaz-Guerrero, R. (2003). Bajo las garras de la cultura. México, DF: Editorial Trillas.
Haddock, G. (2004). Contemporary perspectives on the psychology of attitudes. New York: Publisher Taylor & Francis.
Herek, G. M. (1984). Attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A factor analytic study. Journal of Homosexuality, 10(1/2), 39-51. http://dx.doi. org/10.1300/J082v10n01_03
Herek, G. M. (1994). Assessing heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A review of empirical research with the ATLG scale. En B. Greene & G.M. Herek (Eds.), Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 206-228). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Herek, G. M. (2004). Beyond “homophobia”: Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 1(2), 6-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.6
Herek, G. M. (2009). Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences among sexual minority adults in the United States: Prevalence estimates from a national probability sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 54-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260508316477
Herek, G. M., Chopp, R., & Strohl, D. (2007). Sexual stigma: Putting sexual minority health issues in context. En I. Meyer & M. Northridge (Eds.), The health of sexual minorities: Public health perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations (pp. 171-208). New York: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-31334-4_8
Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (2009). Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights from a social psychological perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 32-43. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014672
Herek, G. M., & McLemore, K. A. (2011). The Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men (ATLG) scale. En T. Fisher, C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality-related measures (3rd ed., pp. 415-417). Oxford, England: Taylor & Francis.
Herek, G. M., & McLemore, K. A. (2013). Sexual prejudice. Annual Re- view of Psychology, 64, 309-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev- psych-113011-143826
Klamen, D. L., Grossman, L. S., & Kopacz, D. R. (1999). Medical student homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 37, 53-63. http://dx.doi. org/10.1300/J082v37n01_04
Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation mode- ling (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Majied, K. (2008). A conceptual analysis of homophobia and heterosexism: Experiences of lesbians, gay, bisexual, transgendered and questioning people (LGBTQ) in Trinidad. The Caribbean Journal of Social Work, 6-7, 144-166.
Major, B., & Eccleston, C. P. (2005). Stigma and social exclusion. En D. Abrams, J. Marques & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social psychology of inclu- sion and exclusion (pp. 63-87). New York: Psychol. Press.
Mayer, K. H., Bekker, L. G., Stall, R., Grulich, A. E., Colfax, G., & Lama, J. R. (2012). Comprehensive clinical care for men who have sex with men: an integrated approach. Lancet, 380(9839), 378-87. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60835-6.
Moral, J. (2006). Análisis factorial confirmatorio. En R. Landero & M. T. González (Eds.), Estadística con SPSS y metodología de la inves- tigación (pp. 445-528). México, DF: Editorial Trillas.
Moral, J. (2010). Una propuesta explicativa integradora de la conducta homosexual. Revista Electrónica de Motivación y Emoción, 13(34), 1-15. Recuperado de: http://reme.uji.es/articulos/numero34/article9/ texto.html
Moral, J., & Segovia, P. (2011). Discriminación en mujeres que viven con VIH/SIDA. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud. 2(2), 139- 159.
Moral, J., & Valle, A. (2011). Escala de Actitudes hacia Lesbianas y Hom- bres Homosexuales en México 1. Estructura factorial y consistencia interna. Revista Electrónica Nova Scientia, 3(2), 139-157.
Moral, J., & Valle, A. (2012). Escala de Actitudes hacia Lesbianas y Hom- bres Homosexuales (ATLG) 2. Distribución y evidencias de validez. Revista Electrónica Nova Scientia, 4(1), 153-171.
Moral, J., & Valle, A. (2013). Dimensionalidad, consistencia interna y distribución de la Escala Homonegatividad Internalizada en estu- diantes mexicanos de Ciencias de la Salud. Acta Mexicana de Psicología, 3(1), 22-50.
Neumann, R., Hülsenbeck, K., & Seibt, B. (2004). Attitudes towards people with AIDS and avoidance behavior: Automatic and reflective bases of behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 543-550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2003.10.006
Organización Mundial de la Salud (1992). CIE-10. Trastornos mentales y del comportamiento. Descripciones clínicas y pautas para el diagnóstico. Madrid: Meditor.
Preacher, K. J., & Coffman, D. L. (2006). Computing power and minimum sample size for RMSEA [Computer software]. Recuperado de: http:// quantpsy.org/rmsea/rmsea.htm
Sánchez, N. F., Rabatin, J., Sánchez, J. P., Hubbard, S., & Kalet, A. (2006). Medical students’ ability to care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered patients. Family Medicine, 38, 21-27.
Sequeira, G. M., Chakraborti, C., & Panunti, B. A. (2012). Integrating lesbians, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) content into under- graduate medical school curricula: A qualitative study. The Ochner Journal, 12(4), 379-382.
Sociedad Mexicana de Psicología. (2007). Código ético del psicólogo (4a edición). México, DF: Editorial Trillas.
SPSS Incorporation (2007). The SPSS base 16.0. User’s guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
Stoever, C. J., & Morera, O. F. (2007). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men (ATLG) measure. Journal of Homosexuality, 52(3-4), 189-209, available via: http://dx.doi:10.1300/ J082v52n03_09
Turner,J.C.,&Reynolds,K.(2007). A self-categorization theory. En P.A.M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (vol. 2, pp. 399-418). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222. n46
Vázquez, V., & Chávez, M. E. (2008). Género, sexualidad y el poder. El chisme en la vida estudiantil de la Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, México. Estudios sobre las Culturas Contemporáneas, 14(27), 77-112.
Weber-Gilmore, G., Rose, S., & Rubinstein, R. (2011). The impact of internalized homophobia on outness for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. The Professional Counselor: Research and Practice, 1(3), 163-175.
White, M. E., & Murrell, A. R. (2012). Attitudes and internalized homophobia in gay and lesbian college students. En Association for Contextual Behavior Science (Ed.), Proceedings of X annual world conference. Washington, DC: Author.
Wittig, M. (2005). El pensamiento heterosexual y otros ensayos. Madrid: Egales.
Young, F. W. (2010). ViSta “The Visual Statistics System”, version 7.9.2.5 [computer software] [on-line]. Recuperado de: http://www.visual- stats.org.
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