Keywords
mothers
family
validity
reliability
attachment styles
How to Cite
Abstract
The purpose of the present research was to validate and to establish the reliability of the Parental Attachment Instrument developed by Parker, Tupling & Brown (1979), in a Mexican sample consisting of 125 women from the city of Toluca. The original instrument is constituted by two scales, overprotection and care, with a total of 25 items which measure attachment styles: control without affection, affective constriction, absent attachment and optimal attachment. The instrument was administered individually and in small groups at home or at the workplace of the participants. Factor analysis and Cronbach’s Alfa were calculated in order to assess its validity and reliability. According to the results, 22 final items were retained, accounting for 56% of the total variance and with an internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha) of 0.93. Both scales of the original instrument were maintained: Overprotection and Caretaking, with values for Cronbach’s Alpha being 0.96 and 0.70, respectively. It is concluded that the instrument has adequate validity and reliability for Mexican samples. Additionally, the results indicate that the majority of the participants presented a tendency towards healthful attachment (optimal or average), although a minority was characterized by a more negative attachment type of control without affection, affective constriction and weak or absent bonds.
References
Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M. Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1979). Patterns of Attachment Assed in the strange situation and at home. New Jersey: Lawrence Earlbaum.
Bartholomew, K. (1997). Adult attachment processes: individual and couple perspectives. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 70, 24963.
Bowlby, J. (1969/1989). El apego y la pérdida-2. Barcelona: Paidós. Bowlby, J. (1998). El apego y la pérdida-1. Barcelona: Paidós.
Bowlby, J. (2000). El apego y la pérdida-3. Barcelona: Paidós. Bowlby, J. (2001) Una base segura. Aplicaciones clínicas de una teoría del apego. Barcelona: Paidós.
Bretherton, I. (2000). Des modalites aux modeles internes: La perspective de theorie de l’ attachment. En O. Halfon, F. Anserment & B. Pierrehumbert (eds.), Filiations psychiques (pp.102115). Paris: PUF.
Bucchheim, A., Brisch, K. H. y Kächele, H. (1998). The differential relevance of attachment representation, emotion abstraction patterns, and narrative style: A computer based text analysis of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychotherapy Research, 10, 390407.
Cheng, H. & Furnham, A. (2004). Perceived parental rearing style, self-esteem and self criticism as predictors of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 121
Favaretto, E. Torresani, S. & Zimmerman, C. (2001). Further results on the reliability of the parental bonding instrument in an Italian sample of schizophrenic patients and their parents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(1), 119129.
Fonagy, P. (1999). Psychoanalysis and attachment theory. En J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (pp.595624). New York: Guilford Press.
Lartigue, T. (1994). Guía para la observación del Vínculo Materno-Infantil durante el primer año de vida. México: Universidad Iberoamericana.
Lartigue, T. Y Vives, A. (1992). Apego y vínculo. Comunicación preliminar. Cuadernos de Psicoanálisis, XXV (1-2), 4553.
Main, M. & Salomon, J. (1990), Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during Ainsworth Strange Situation. En M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti & M. Cummings (Eds.). Attachment in the preschool years: Theory research and intervention (pp. 121160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Main, M., Kaplan, N. & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. En I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.). Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50. Serial no. 209, (pp. 66104). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Manassis, K., Owens, M., Adam, K. S., West, M. & SheldonKeller, A. E. (1999). Assessing attachment: Convergent validity of the Adult Attachment Interview and the Parental Bonding Instrument. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33(4), 559567.
Mancini, F., D’Olimpio, F., Prunetti, E., Didonna, F. & Del Genio, M. (2000). Parental Bonding: can obsessive symptoms and general distress be predicted by perceived rearing practices? Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7, 201208.
Martínez, C. y Pía, M. (2005). La evaluación del apego en el adulto: Una revisión. Revista Psykhe, 14(1), 181191.
Melis, F., Dávila, M. Ormeño, V., Vera, V., Greppi, C. y Gloger, S. (2001). Estandarización del PBI (Parental Bonding Instrument), versión adaptada a la población entre 16 y 64 años del Gran Santiago. Re- vista Chilena de Neuropsiquiatría, 30, 132139.
Myhr, G., Sookman, D. & Pinard, G. (2004). Attachment security and parental bonding in adults with obsessive compulsive disorder com pared to depressed outpatients and healthy controls. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 447456.
Parker, G. Tupling, H. & Brown, L. (1979). A parental Bonding Instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 110.
Weaver, A. y De Waall, F. (2002). An index of relationship quality based on attachment theory. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 116, 93106.
Willinger, U., Diendorfer-Radner, G., Willnauer, R.Jorgl & Hager, V. (2005). Parenting stress and parental bonding. Behavioral/Medicine, 31(2), 63–69.
Yárnoz, S. (2003). Normalidad y patología: aportaciones de la teoría del apego. Recuperado el 12 de mayo de 2008, R de http://psiquiatría. com/interpsiquis2003/9767.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2011