Resumen
El objetivo de la presente investigación fue validar la Escala de Resiliencia Sexual en hombres que viven con VIH (ERS-VIH). Participaron 621 hombres con diagnóstico de VIH, la aplicación se realizó de manera individual en una clínica especializada. El análisis factorial exploratorio agrupó los reactivos en tres factores que explican el 56.22 % de la varianza, quedando conformada por 16 reactivos; posteriormente el análisis factorial confirmatorio, estableció una estructura de tres factores. Además, se presentan evidencias de validez convergente, encontrando una relación positiva entre la consistencia del uso del condón y la escala. La consistencia interna fue superior a 0.70 en cada uno de los factores. Se discuten los términos en que la escala tiene propiedades psicométricas adecuadas y cómo puede utilizarse en hombres con diagnóstico de VIH.
Citas
Abad, F., Olea, J., Ponsoda, V. y García, C. (2011). Medición en ciencias sociales y de la salud. Síntesis.
American Education Research Association, American Psychological Association and National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing 2014. American Education Research Association. https://www.testingstandards.net/uploads/7/6/6/4/76643089/standards_2014edition.pdf
Bandalos, D. L. & Finney, S. J. (2010). Factor Analysis: Exploratory and Confirmatory. In G. R. Hancock and R. O. Mueller (Eds.). Reviewer’s Guide to Quantitative Methods (pp. 93-114). Routledge.
Batista, I. C. & Pereira, H. (2020). Mental Health, Resilience and HIV in Older Gay and Bisexual Men. Educational Gerontology, 46(9), 525-539. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2020.1785673
Brito, H. L. & Seidl, E. M. F. (2019). Resilience of People with HIV/AIDS: Influence of Religious Coping. Trends in Psychology, 27(3), 647-660. https://doi.org/10.9788/tp2019.3-04
Campo-Arias, A., Herazo, E. y Oviedo, H. (2012). Análisis de factores: fundamentos para la evaluación de instrumentos de medición en salud mental. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 41(3), 659-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-7450(14)60036-6
Carvajal, A., Centeno, C., Watson, R., Martínez, M. y Sanz, A. (2011). ¿Cómo validar un instrumento de medida de la salud? Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra, 34(1), 63-72. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/ASSN/article/view/10317
Castillo-Arcos, L. y Benavides-Torres, R. (2012). Modelo de resiliencia sexual en el adolescente: Teoría de rango medio. Aquichan, 12(2), 169-182. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2012.12.2.7
Castillo-Arcos, L., Benavides-Torres, R. y López-Rosales, F. (2012). Validación de la escala de resiliencia para sexo seguro. En R.
Díaz, S. Rivera y I. Reyes (Eds.). La psicología social en México (Vol. XIV, pp.398-402). Asociación Mexicana de Psicología Social.
Coppari, N., Barcelata, B. E., Bagnoli, L. y Codas, G. (2018). Efectos de la edad, el sexo y el contexto cultural en la disposición resiliente de los adolescentes de Paraguay y México. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 5(1), 16-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21134/rpcna.2018.05.1.2
Dale, S., Cohen, M., Weber, K., Cruise, R., Kelso, G. & Brody, L. (2014). Abuse and Resilience in Relation to HAART Medication Adherence and HIV Viral Load Among Women with HIV in the United States. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 28(3), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2013.0329
Dale, S. K., Weber, K. M., Cohen, M. H., Kelso, G. A., Cruise, R. C. & Brody, L. R. (2014). Resilience Moderates the Association Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Depressive Symptoms Among Women with and At-Risk for HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 19(8), 1379–1387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0855-3
de Araújo, L.F., Teva, I., Hernandez, J., Ortega, A. & De la Paz, M. (2017). Analysis of resilience and sexual behavior in persons with HIV infection. Psicologia: Reflexao e Critica, 30(21), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-017-0076-6
de los Ríos, P., Okoli, C., Castellanos, E., Allan, B., Young, B., Brough, G., Muchenje, M., Eremin, A., Corbelli, G., McBritton, M., Hardy, W. & Van de Velde, N. (2021). Physical, Emotional, and Psychosocial Challenges Associated with Daily Dosing of HIV Medications and Their Impact on Indicators of Quality of Life: Findings from the Positive Perspectives Study. AIDS and Behavior, 25(3), 961–972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03055-1
DiClemente, R. & Wingood, G. (1995). A Randomized Controlled Trial of an HIV Sexual Risk Reduction Intervention for Young African American Women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 274(16), 1271-1276. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7563531/
Emlet, C. A., Tozay, S. & Raveis, V. H. (2011). "I'm not going to die from the AIDS": Resilience in Aging with HIV Disease. The Gerontologist, 51(1), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnq060
Emlet, C.A., Shiu, C., Kim, H. & Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. (2017). Bouncing Back: Resilience and Mastery Among HIV Positive Older Gay and Bisexual Men. Gerontologist, 57(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw171
Fergus, S. & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent Resilience: A Framework for Understanding Healthy Development in the Face of Risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26(1), 399-419. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357
Ferrando, P. J. y Anguiano-Carrasco, C. (2010). El análisis factorial como técnica de investigación en psicología. Papeles del Psicológo,31(1), 18-33. https://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es/pdf/1793.pdf
Feyissa, G. T., Lockwood, C., Woldie, M. & Munn, Z. (2019). Reducing HIV-Related Stigma and Discrimination in Healthcare Settings: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Evidence. PLOS ONE, 14(1), e0211298. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211298
Furlotte, C. & Schwartz, K. (2017). Mental Health Experiences of Older Adults Living with HIV: Uncertainty, Stigma, and Approaches to Resilience. Canadian Journal on Aging/ La Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement, 36(2), 125-140. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980817000022
García, P. J. J. y Tobón, B. A. (2020). El VIH: de la adherencia farmacológica a la calidad de vida. Psicología y Salud, 30(1), 83-94. https://doi.org/10.25009/pys.v30i1.2620
Garrido-Hernansaiz, H., Murphy, P. J. & Alonso-Tapia, J. (2017). Predictors of Resilience and Posttraumatic Growth Among People Living with HIV: A Longitudinal Study. AIDS and Behavior, 21(11), 3260-3270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1870-y
González, C. E., Okunbor, J. I., Parker, R., Owens, M. A., White, D. M., Merlin, J. S. & Goodin, B. R. (2019). Pain-Specific Resilience in People Living with HIV and Chronic Pain: Beneficial Associations with Coping Strategies and Catastrophizing. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, e2046. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02046
Green, D. C. & Wheeler, E. M. (2019). A Qualitative Exploration of Facilitators for Health Service Use Among Aging Gay Men Living with HIV. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC), 18, e232595821988056.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2325958219880569
Guerrero, J. (2014). Resiliencia sexual en adolescentes: una revisión desde la psicología positiva. Realitas, Revista de Ciencias Sociales, Humanas y Artes, 2(1), 45-50. https://www.academia.edu/7364545/Resiliencia_Sexual_en_adolescentes_una_revisi%C3%B3n_desde_la_Psicolog%C3%ADa_Positiva
Harper, G. W., Bruce, D., Hosek, S. G., Fernandez, M. I. & Rood, B. A. (2014). Resilience Processes Demonstrated by Young Gay and Bisexual Men Living with HIV: Implications for Intervention. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 28(12), 666-676. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2013.0330
Hodder, R. K., Homer, S., Freund, M., Bowman, J. A., Lecathelinais, C., Colyvas, K., Campbell, E., Gillham, K., Dray, J. & Wiggers, J. H. (2018). The Association Between Adolescent Condom Use and Individual and Environmental Resilience Protective Factors. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 42(3), 230-233. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12744.
Hussen, S. A., Harper, G. W., Rodgers, C. R.R., van den Berg, J. J., Dowshen, N. & Hightow-Weidman, L. B. (2017). Cognitive and Behavioral Resilience Among Young Gay and Bisexual Men Living with HIV. LGBT Health, 4(4), 275-282. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0135
Kalomo, E. N., Jun, J. S., Lee, K. & Kaddu, M. N. (2020). HIV Stigma, Resilience and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults Living with HIV in Rural Namibia. African Journal of AIDS Research, 19(3), 198-205. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2020.1797841
Kaunda-Khangamwa, B. N., Kapwata, P., Malisita, K., Munthali, A., Chipeta, E., Phiri, S. & Manderson, L. (2020). Adolescents Living with HIV, Complex Needs and Resilience in Blantyre, Malawi. AIDS Research and Therapy, 17(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-020-00292-1
Krause, K. D. (2020). Resilience as a Buffer Against Negative Health Sequelae in Older Gay Men Living with HIV/AIDS: Implications for Research and Practice [Doctoral Thesis]. Rutgers University. https://doi.org/10.7282/t3-c182-6557
Lagunes, R. (2017). Recomendaciones sobre los procedimientos de construcción y validación de instrumentos y escalas de medición en la psicología de la salud. Psicología y Salud, 27(1), 5-18. https://psicologiaysalud.uv.mx/index.php/psicysalud/article/view/2431
Lloret-Segura, S., Ferreres-Traver, A., Hernández-Baeza, A. y Tomás-Marco, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361
Liboro, R. M., Bell, S., Ranuschio, B., Barnes, L., Despres, J., Sedere, A., Puno, T. & Shuper, P. A. (2021). Barriers and Facilitators to Promoting Resilience to HIV/AIDS: A Qualitative Study on the Lived Experiences of HIV-Positive, Racial and Ethnic Minority, Middle-Aged and Older Men Who Have Sex with Men from Ontario, Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), e8084. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158084
Logie, C.H., James, L., Tharao, W. & Loutfy, M.R. (2011). HIV, Gender, Race, Sexual Orientation, and Sex Work: A Qualitative Study of Intersectional Stigma. Plos Medicine, 8(11), 1-12. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001124
Logie, C. H., Lys, C. L., Okumu, M. & Fujioka, J. (2019). Exploring Factors Associated with Condom Use Self-Efficacy and Condom Use Among Northern and Indigenous Adolescent Peer Leaders in Northern Canada. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 14(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2018.1554277
López, V. A., Troya, G. B., Varas, N. del R. y Guzmán, M. B. (2018). Algunas consideraciones sobre el VIH/SIDA. Recimundo, 2(4), 48-69. https://doi.org/10.26820/recimundo/2.(4).octubre.2018.48-69
Millard, T., McDonald, K., Elliott, J., Slavin, S., Rowell, S. & Girdler, S. (2014). Informing the Development of an Online Self-Management Program for Men Living with HIV: A Needs Assessment. BMC Public Health, 14, e1209. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1209.
Montero, I. & León, O. G. (2007). A Guide for Naming Research Studies in Psychology. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 7(3), 847-862. https://www.aepc.es/ijchp/GNEIP07_es.pdf
Muldoon, A.L., Kuhns, L.M., Supple, J., Jacobson, K.C. & Garofalo, R. (2017). A Web-Based Study of Dog Ownership and Depression among People Living with HIV. JMIR Mental Health, 4(4), e8180. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.8180
Nunnally, J. y Bernstein, I. (1995). Teoría psicométrica. Mc Graw-Hill.
ONUSIDA (2022). Hoja informativa - Últimas estadísticas sobre el estado de la epidemia de sida. https://www.unaids.org/es/resources/fact-sheet
Remien, R. H., Bauman, L. J., Mantell, J. E., Tsoi, B., Lopez-Rios, J., Chhabra, R., DiCarlo, A., Watnick, D., Rivera, A., Teitelman, N., Cutler, B. & Warne, P. (2015). Barriers and Facilitators to Engagement of Vulnerable Populations in HIV Primary Care in New York City. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 69, 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000000577
Reyes-Lagunes, I. (1993). Redes semánticas para la construcción de instrumentos. Revista de Psicología Social y Personalidad, IX(1), 83 -99.
Ruiz-Román, C., Juárez Pérez-Cea, J. y Molina-Cuesta, L. (2020). Evolución y nuevas perspectivas del concepto de resiliencia: De lo individual a los contextos y relaciones socioeducativas. Educatio Siglo XXI, 38(2), 213-232. https://doi.org/10.6018/educatio.432981
Sabranski, M., Erdbeer, G., Sonntag, I., Stoehr, A., Horst, H.-A., Plettenberg, A., Lebherz, L., Stellbrink, H. J. & Hoffmann, C. (2021). Physical and Mental Health in HIV-Infected Patients with Virological Success and Long-Term Exposure to Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Care, 33(4), 453-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1733466
Sánchez, R., Alvarado, J., Enríquez, D. y Rosales, R. (2021). Resiliencia sexual en hombres: diferencias entre portadores y no portadores de VIH. En C. Armenta, A. Domínguez y C. Cruz (Coords.), Psicología Social Mexicana (pp.505-521). Universidad Iberoamericana.
Sauceda, J. A., Wiebe, J. S. & Simoni, J. M. (2016). Childhood Sexual Abuse and Depression in Latino Men Who Have Sex with Men: Does Resilience Protect Against Non Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy? Journal of Health Psychology, 21(6), 1096-1106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314546341
Schumacker, R. & Lomax, R. (2016). Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. Routledge.
Secretaría de Salud (2022). Sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica de VIH. Informe histórico de VIH 1er trimestre 2022. Dirección General de Epidemiología. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/750178/Informe_Hist_rico_VIH_DVEET_1er_TRIMESTRE_2022_Frev.pdf
Stockman, J. K., Lucea, M. B., Cimino, A. N., Wood, B. A., Tsuyuki, K., Granger, D. A. & Campbell, J. C. (2023). Discrimination, Resilience, and HIV Testing Frequency Among Black Women Seeking Services from STD Clinics. Social Science & Medicine, 316, e115344. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115344.
Tan, J. Y., Campbell, C. K., Conroy, A. A., Tabrisky, A. P., Kegeles, S. & Dworkin, S. H. (2018). Couple-level Dynamics and Multilevel Challenges Among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Framework of Dyadic HIV Care. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 32(11), 459-467. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2018.0131
Yang, J.P., Simoni, J.M., Dorsey, S., Lin, Z., Sun, M., Bao, M., & Lu, H. (2018). Reducing Distress and Promoting Resilience: A Preliminary Trial of a CBT Skills Intervention Among Recently HIV-Diagnosed MSM in China. AIDS Care, 30(5), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1497768
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2022