Abstract
Tattooing is an increasingly frequent custom in western societies. This essay is an analysis of the existing connection between tattoos and several social and personal variables. The sample, comprising 189 people, of whom 65 were men, completed a questionnaire composed, firstly, of scales matching the Big Five personality factors, Need for Uniqueness, Sensation seeking, Self-esteem, Attitudes Toward Tattoos, and of sociodemographic and tattoo-related variables as well. The results show that women acquire tattoos more often than men, that the acquisition of a tattoo is more likely the more tattooed people are present in one’s daily life, and that those adopting a rather left-wing ideology are more inclined to have a tattoo. Moreover, Catholics acquire a significantly lower number of tattoos than atheists or agnostics, and there is a smaller presence of tattooed people in a person’s daily life the higher their educational level is. On the other hand, there is a significant association between having a tattoo and showing a higher score on Openness to experience, Need for Uniqueness, Self-esteem and Attitudes Toward Tattoos.
References
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Swami, V., & Furnham, A. (2007). Unattractive, promiscuous and heavy drinkers: Perceptions of women with tattoos. Body Image, 4, 343- 352.
Swami, V., Pietschnig, J., Bertl, B., Nader, I. W., Stieger, S., & Voracek, M. (2012). Personality Differences between Tattooed and non-Tattooed Individuals. Mental & Physical Health, 111, 97-106.
Tate, J. C., & Shelton, B. L. (2008). Personality correlates of tattooing and body piercing in a college sample: The kids are alright. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 281-285.
Terracciano et al. (2005). National Character Not Reflect Mean Personality Trait Levels in 49 Cultures. Science, 310, 96-100.
Tiggemann, M., & Golder, F. (2006). Tattooing: An expression of uniqueness in the appearance domain. Body Image, 3, 309-315.
Tiggemann, M., & Hopkins, L. A. (2011). Tattoos and piercings: Bodily expressions of uniqueness? Body Image, 8, 245-250.
Wohlrab, S., Stahl, J., & Kappeler, P. M. (2007a). Modifying the body: Motivations for getting tattooed and pierced. Body Image, 4, 87-95
Wohlrab, S., Stahl, J., Rammsayer, T., & Kappeler, P. M. (2007b). Differences in Personality Characteristics Between Body- Modified and Non-Modified Individuals: Associations With Individual Personality Traits and Their Possible Evolutionary Implications. European Journal of Personality, 21, 931-951.
Wohlrab, S., Fink, B., Kappeler, P. M., & Brewer, G. (2009). Perception of human body modification. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 202-206.
Zuckerman, M., Eysenck, S. B., Eysenck, H. (1978). Sensation seeking in England and America: cross-cultural, age, and sex comparisons. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 139-149.
Ballén, J. E., & Castillo, J.A. (2015). La práctica del tatuaje y la imagen corporal. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología: Ciencia y Tecnología, 8, 103– 109.
Braithwaite, R., Robillard, A., Woodring, T., Stephens, T., & Arriola, K. J. (2001). Tattooing and body piercing among adolescent detainess: Relationship to alcohol and other drug use. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13, 5-16.
Carmen, R. A., Guitar, A. E., & Dillon, H. M. (2012). Ultimate Answers to Proximate Questions: The Evolutionary Motivations Behing Tattoos and Body Piercings in Popular Culture. Review of General Psychology, 16, 134-143.
Carroll, S. T., Riffenburgh, R. H., Roberts, T. A., & Myhre, E. B. (2002). Tattoos and body piercings as indicators of adolescent risk-taking behaviors. Pediatrics, 109(6), 1021-1027.
Degelman, D., & Price, N. D. (2002). Tattoos and ratings of personal characteristics. Psychological Reports, 90, 507-514.
Delazar, M. E. (2005). The relationship between self-esteem, objectified body consciousness, personality traits and body modification: An exploratory study (Tesis doctoral). Pennsylvania, USA: Indiana University.
DeMello, M. (2000). Bodies of inscription: A cultural history of the modern tattoo community. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Deschesnes, M., Finès, P., & Demers, S. (2006). Are tattooing and body piercing indicators of risk-taking behaviours among high school students? Journal of Adolescence, 29, 379- 393.
Ferrando, P., & Chico, E. (2001). The construct of sensation seeking as measured by Zuckerman's SSS-V and Arnett's AISS: a structural equation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 1121-1133.
Hawkes, D., Senn, C., & Thorn, C. (2004). Factors that influence attitudes toward women with tattoos. Sex Roles, 50, 593-604.
Kosut, M. (2006). An Ironic Fad the Commodification and Consumption of Tattoos. The Journal of Popular Culture, 39, 1035-1048.
La revolución del tatuaje (2012, 1 mayo). Publico. Recuperado de http://www.publico. es/culturas/revolucion-del-tatuaje.html
Laumann, A. E., & Derick, A. J. (2006). Tattoos and body piercings in the United States: A national data set. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 55, 413-421.
Madrigal, M. A. (2005). Representación Social del Tatuaje en Jóvenes Tatuados entre 18 y 25 Años de Edad (Tesis de licenciatura). San Pedro: Universidad Fidélitas.
Martín-Albo, J., Núñez, J. L., Navarro, J. G., & Grijalvo, F. (2007). The Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale: Translation and Validation in University Students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10, 458-467.
Mejía, P. (2015). La Psicología y el Tatuaje: una aproximación bibliométrica (Trabajo Fin de Grado). España: Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Pabst, M. A., Letofsky-Papst, I., Bock, E., Moser, M., Dorfer, L., Egarter-Vigl, E., & Hofer, F. (2009). The tattoos of the Tyrolean Iceman: a light microscopial, ultrastructural and element analytical study. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36, 2335-2341.
Pérez, J., & Torrubia, R. (1986). Fiabilidad y validez de la versión española de la Escala de Búsqueda de Sensaciones (Forma V). Revista latinoamericana de Psicología, 18, 7-22.
Pérez-Cotapos, M. L., & Cossio, M. L. (2006). Tatuajes y perforaciones en adolescentes. Revista Médica de Chile, 134, 1322-1329.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Seiter, J. S., & Hatch, S. (2005). Effect of tattoos on perceptions of credibility and attractiveness. Psychological Reports, 96, 1113-1120.
Snyder, C. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1977). Abnormality as a positive characteristic: The development and validation of a scale measuring need for uniqueness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 518-527.
Snyder, C. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1980). Uniqueness: The human pursuit of difference. Nueva York: Plenum Press.
Stirn, A., Hinz, A., & Brähler, E. (2006). Prevalence of tattooing and body piercing in Germany and perception of health, mental disorders, and sensation seeking among tattooed and body-pierced individuals. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 531- 534.
Swami, V. (2011). Marked for life? A prospective study of tattoos on appearance anxiety and dissatisfaction, perceptions of uniqueness, and self-esteem. Body Image, 8, 237-244.
Swami, V., & Furnham, A. (2007). Unattractive, promiscuous and heavy drinkers: Perceptions of women with tattoos. Body Image, 4, 343- 352.
Swami, V., Pietschnig, J., Bertl, B., Nader, I. W., Stieger, S., & Voracek, M. (2012). Personality Differences between Tattooed and non-Tattooed Individuals. Mental & Physical Health, 111, 97-106.
Tate, J. C., & Shelton, B. L. (2008). Personality correlates of tattooing and body piercing in a college sample: The kids are alright. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 281-285.
Terracciano et al. (2005). National Character Not Reflect Mean Personality Trait Levels in 49 Cultures. Science, 310, 96-100.
Tiggemann, M., & Golder, F. (2006). Tattooing: An expression of uniqueness in the appearance domain. Body Image, 3, 309-315.
Tiggemann, M., & Hopkins, L. A. (2011). Tattoos and piercings: Bodily expressions of uniqueness? Body Image, 8, 245-250.
Wohlrab, S., Stahl, J., & Kappeler, P. M. (2007a). Modifying the body: Motivations for getting tattooed and pierced. Body Image, 4, 87-95
Wohlrab, S., Stahl, J., Rammsayer, T., & Kappeler, P. M. (2007b). Differences in Personality Characteristics Between Body- Modified and Non-Modified Individuals: Associations With Individual Personality Traits and Their Possible Evolutionary Implications. European Journal of Personality, 21, 931-951.
Wohlrab, S., Fink, B., Kappeler, P. M., & Brewer, G. (2009). Perception of human body modification. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 202-206.
Zuckerman, M., Eysenck, S. B., Eysenck, H. (1978). Sensation seeking in England and America: cross-cultural, age, and sex comparisons. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 139-149.
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